Low-Threshold and Long-Term Stable Soliton Fiber Laser Using PbSe/PbS Quantum Dot-Polystyrene Composite Saturable Absorber

Colloidal PbSe quantum dots are promising candidates as saturable absorbers for ultrafast fiber lasers, but their performance is often limited by surface-related defects and chemical instability, leading to aggregation under optical pumping. In this study, we present a freestanding PbSe/PbS quantum dot-polystyrene composite saturable absorber film, with PbS overcoating on PbSe to enhance surface passivation and oxidation resistance. The composite exhibits a saturation intensity of 5.76 kW·cm-2, a modulation depth of 33%, and an optical damage threshold of 13.6 mJ·cm-2. When integrated into a bidirectionally pumped erbium-doped fiber laser in the anomalous-dispersion regime, the device demonstrates self-starting soliton mode locking at an ultralow pump threshold of 6 mW, generating 1.06 ps pulses with a radio-frequency signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 65 dB. The spectra remain stable over a six-month period, showing excellent environmental and operational durability. These findings confirm that PbSe/PbS quantum dots in a polymer matrix offer a robust, low-threshold saturable absorber platform for ultrafast fiber lasers.