A Review of the Dermatophytes

Dermatophytes are a group of keratinophilic fungi belonging to either of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton. These fungi are involved in the superficial fungal infections of skin, hair, and nails in humans as well as animals. Dermatophytosis is one of the most prevalent fungal diseases worldwide, and it does not discriminate any age or sex. The basis of taxonomy and classification of these pathogens has changed many times over time, from a traditional morphological and physiological basis to modern molecular methods. Dermatophytes have an interesting historical perspective, epidemiological trends over time and geography, pathogenesis, different clinical manifestations, and advances in diagnostic technology. This review outlines the modalities of diagnosis and classification of the dermatophytes from culture and microscopy to advanced molecular technology, with highlights on their working principle, advantages, limitations, and disadvantages. This review offers a framework for clinicians, researchers, scientists, and students with insights about the most common yet significant fungal pathogens.