Method for the Assessment of Fuel Consumption in Heavy-Duty Machines Based on Integrated Environmental, Vehicle and Human Models

Fuel consumption in heavy-duty off-road machinery depends on a wide range of in-teracting factors related to the operating environment, the technical characteristics and condition of the machine, and the behaviour, experience and state of the operator. Existing studies typically address only fragments of this relationship, focusing on vehicle parame-ters, selected environmental factors or individual aspects of driving style. The method proposed in this work provides a general and transferable framework for assessing fuel consumption in any type of machine or vehicle. The Integrated Fuel Consumption As-sessment Model (IFCAM) combines environmental, vehicle and human domains into a coherent structured formula that can be used across different operational contexts. The model was developed using continuous short-term measurements and long-term opera-tional data collected during real industrial work. Its universal structure makes it applica-ble not only to mining equipment, but also to construction machinery and transport vehi-cles, as well as conventional passenger cars, where it offers a systematic procedure for es-timating fuel demand under variable operating conditions. The results demonstrate that integrating multi-domain data improves predictive accuracy and opens new possibilities for analysing operator influence and overall energy efficiency.