Biofilm Formation by Phytopathogens: A Threat to Crop Health and Agricultural Sustainability

Biofilm-forming phytopathogens pose significant threats to global agriculture by causing persistent diseases in crops, leading to substantial economic losses and challenges in disease management. This review article aims to explore the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation by phytopathogens, with a particular focus on the role of the bacterial Type III secretion system (T3SS) in facilitating biofilm development and pathogenicity. Biofilms, which are structured communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced matrix, enhance the survival and virulence of pathogens, making them resistant to conventional control methods. The article delves into the impacts of biofilm-associated infections on crop health, including weakened plant immunity and reduced yield. It also highlights the challenges faced by the agricultural industry, such as the limited efficacy of chemical treatments and the emergence of resistant strains. Innovative solutions, including biocontrol agents, quorum sensing inhibitors, nanotechnology-based approaches and edible coatings, are discussed as promising strategies to combat biofilm-related diseases. There is a need for a deeper understanding of biofilm dynamics, the development of sustainable management practices, and the integration of advanced technologies to mitigate the impact of biofilm-forming phytopathogens on agriculture.