A Fractional Three-Species Predator-Prey Model with Prey Refuge and Predator Competition
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This study develops a fractional-order three-species predator–prey model incorporating the effects of prey refuge and predator competition. The prey population grows logistically, with a fraction protected by refuge, while intermediate and top predators interact through linear functional responses with intraspecific competition.Fractional derivatives introduce memory effects, providing a more realistic description of population dynamics. We analyze the equilibria, perform stability analysis using the fractional Routh-Hurwitz criteria, and conduct numerical simulations to illustrate the impact of prey refuge, predator competition, and fractional order on population persistence and oscillations. The results provide insights for ecological management and understanding of memory effects in predator–prey systems.