Congenital Viral Infection Risk: The Role of Parvovirus B19 and Cytomegalovirus Molecular Genetic Testing

Parvovirus B19 and cytomegalovirus are significant causes of congenital infections that can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of B19V and CMV infections in pregnant women with fetal anemia and/or effusions and determine the utility of routine laboratory screening in pregnancy follow-up. Thirteen women with such pathological pregnancy complications attending an antenatal clinic from April 2024 to March 2025 were tested. Four types of clinical material were examined: amniotic fluid, umbilical cord serum, maternal blood, and fetal blood. Participants underwent molecular and serological testing for both B19V and CMV. Demographic data, obstetric histories, and pregnancy outcomes were recorded and analyzed. Our results indicate that four participants showed evidence of either current infection with CMV and seven with B19V. Pregnant women with active infections required further follow-up and fetal surveillance. A stillbirth was reported in one woman with CMV infection. For seven samples that tested positive for B19V DNA, viral sequences were obtained and clustered with genotype 1a reference strains. Implementing routine or targeted screening for B19V and CMV could facilitate the early identification and appropriate management of maternal infections, ultimately reducing the risk of fetal complications.