Exploring NAD+ Biology in Fish: From Cellular Metabolism to Ecological Adaptations and Aquaculture Strategies

This review elucidates the foundational principles of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) homeostasis in humans, emphasizing its depletion during aging and in age-associated disorders. Subsequently, the discussion extends to NAD+ precursors and their prospective therapeutic applications, with insights derived from research utilizing zebrafish as a disease model. This information sheds light on the growing interest in NAD and its metabolism in the medical field, while also sparking curiosity among researchers focused on fish studies. The review further explores the role of nicotinamide in fish, encompassing core NAD+ metabolism, its participation in oxidative stress, environmental challenges, and the mitigation of pollutant-induced toxicity. Additionally, the implications of NAD+ in fish neurobiology, immune regulation, host-pathogen interactions, skin, eggs, and post-mortem muscle were considered. Dietary modulation of NAD+ pathways to enhance growth, immunity, and product quality in aquaculture has also been highlighted. This review highlights the significance of NAD+ metabolism in fish biology, covering cellular energy production, physiological processes, and environmental adaptation, and proposes targeting NAD+-related pathways as a strategy for aquaculture and fish health management.