Evaluation of Loading and Unloading Zones Through Dynamic Occupancy Scenario Simulation Aligned with Municipal Ordinances in Urban Freight Distribution

This study analyses the operational efficiency of urban loading and unloading zones (LUZs) by applying queuing theory without waiting (Erlang B model) and incorporating weighted occupancy time as a fundamental metric. Six scenarios were evaluated in an urban block in Zaragoza, Spain: three using field data obtained through real world observation and three simulated. The system’s performance was compared under conditions of free access with a model that strictly enforces the municipal ordinance for Urban Goods Distribution, restricting access to authorized vehicles and maximum dwell times. The objective of this study is to evaluate the operational performance of different LUZ configurations, assessing how real versus regulation-compliant usage affects system capacity, estimated loss rates, and the spatial temporal productivity of the zones. The M/M/1/1 model in Kendall notation is suitable for representing this type of queuing-free urban environment, and weighted occupancy time proves to be a robust indicator for evaluating the performance of heterogeneous zones. The scenario assessment confirms that the sizing of these zones is correct if their proper use is guaranteed. The study concludes with recommendations and best practices for city governance in formulating urban policies aimed at developing more efficient and sustainable logistics to control land use in the LUZ.