Evaluation of Loading and Unloading Zones Through Dynamic Occupancy Scenario Simulation Aligned with Municipal Ordinances in Urban Freight Distribution

This study analyzes the operational efficiency of urban loading and unloading zones (LUZ) by applying queuing theory without waiting (Erlang B model) and incorporating weighted occupancy time as a fundamental metric. Six scenarios were evaluated in an urban block in Zaragoza, Spain: three using field data obtained through real-world observation and three simulated. The system's performance was compared under conditions of free access with a model that strictly enforces the municipal ordinance for Urban Goods Distribution, restricting access to authorized vehicles and maximum dwell times. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that zones that do not comply with the ordinance tend toward congestion, exhibiting high loss rates and prolonged occupancy, while applying access criteria frees up operational capacity and improves spatiotemporal productivity. The M/M/1/1 model in Kendall notation is suitable for representing this type of queuing-free urban environment, and weighted occupancy time proves to be a robust indicator for evaluating the performance of heterogeneous zones. The scenario assessment confirms that the sizing of these zones is correct if their proper use is guaranteed. The study concludes with recommendations and best practices for city governance in formulating urban policies aimed at more efficient and sustainable logistics to control land use in the LUZ.