Offshore Wind‐to‐Hydrogen Production: Technical Pathways, Challenges, and Prospects

This paper reviews three mainstream technical routes for producing hydrogen from offshore wind power: offshore distributed hydrogen production, offshore centralized hydrogen production, and onshore hydrogen production. Drawing on global engineering cases, we analyze the characteristics, application scenarios, and current development status of each route, with particular attention to economic performance, system efficiency, and environmental adaptability. The main challenges identified include the limited adaptability of electrolysis technologies, high full-life-cycle costs, and persistent bottlenecks in storage and transportation technologies. Building on these findings, we summarize technological development trends and propose future directions in areas such as electrolyzer innovation, system efficiency optimization, direct seawater utilization, and storage and transport infrastructure. This review aims to provide a reference for advancing research, development, and large-scale application of offshore wind-to-hydrogen technologies.