Sequential Inflammatory and Matrisome Programs Drive Remodeling of the Mouse Carotid-Jugular Arteriovenous Fistula

The mouse carotid-jugular arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a widely adopted surgical model to study venous remodeling after AVF creation. Despite its increasing use, the extent to which this model recapitulates the cellular and molecular remodeling processes observed in humans remains uncertain, which is essential for validating its translational relevance. Using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, we have depicted the transcriptional and cellular evolution of the mouse jugular vein after AVF anastomosis. Global transcriptomic profiling revealed that venous remodeling begins with a robust inflammatory response, followed by a prominent extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling phase that peaks at postoperative day 10. Single-cell analyses confirmed the role of macrophage (3-fold) and neutrophil infiltration (12-fold) in sustaining the onset of venous remodeling. These monocytes/macrophages exhibited marked upregulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes, including Il1b, Spp1, Fn1, Thbs1, and Tgfb1. Evidence of the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts positive for Postn, Col8a1, and Thbs1 emerged by postoperative day 5. The temporal dynamics of differentially expressed genes in these myofibroblasts closely mirrored the ECM gene expression patterns identified by bulk RNA-seq, indicating that they are the principal source of ECM deposition in the AVF. Cell-to-cell communication analyses highlighted macrophages and fibroblasts as the main populations driving postoperative remodeling. Comparative analysis with single-cell data from human pre-access veins and AVFs demonstrated that the mouse model reproduces the core inflammatory–fibrotic axis of fibroblast activation observed in humans, supporting its utility for mechanistic studies of postoperative ECM remodeling.