Cochlear Homeostasis in Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Mechanisms, Implications, and Therapeutic Prospects

Cochlear homeostasis is critical for the preservation of hearing sensitivity by maintaining optimal cochlear fluid composition, sustaining electrochemical gradients, and supporting the function of sensory and supporting cells in the cochlea. Sensorineural hearing loss, resulting from the damage or loss of sensory hair cells, auditory neurons and other cochlear cells and structures, is intimately linked to disruptions in the homeostatic environment. In this narrative review, we explore the cellular and molecular pathways underpinning cochlear homeostasis in health and disease and examine the mechanisms by which failed homeostasis leads to sensorineural hearing loss. We further discuss current research avenues and emerging therapeutic strategies to restore or compensate for the loss of homeostatic balance. These interventions suggest a future where regenerative healing is possible, ultimately leading to permanent repair and functional recovery.