Viral Vaccines as an Alternative to Antimicrobials: A Perspective from Swine Veterinarians on Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global threat driven by the overuse of antibiotics, especially in livestock. In the swine industry, viral diseases often lead to secondary bacterial infections, which increases the need for widespread antimicrobial use (AMU). This study explores the views of U.S. swine veterinarians on using viral vaccines as a way to reduce reliance on antimicrobials. Through a combination of surveys and interviews, our findings found an urgent need for better vaccines for por-cine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, swine influenza, and rotaviral enteritis. These swine diseases cause major economic losses and are a primary reason for AMU. Veterinarians identified several challenges with existing vaccines, including poor cross-protection against different strains, safety concerns, and issues with cost and availability. Despite these limitations, the study found that veterinarians are willing to invest more in improved vaccines, highlighting a strong demand for more effective tools to reduce antimicrobial use. This research identifies key opportunities for future vaccine development and veterinary strategies to create more effective approaches that protect both animal and public health.