The Medicinal Mushroom <em>Ganoderma</em>: A Review of Systematics, Phylogeny, and Metabolomic Insights

Ganoderma is a genus of fungi that has been utilized in traditional Eastern medicine and has gained global interest in recent years. Current research has focused on the molecular underpinnings of Ganoderma taxonomy, phylogenetic diversity, and biochemical composition. In this review, we examine the current methods for the molecular identification and classification of the various Ganoderma species, with an emphasis on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing as well as other molecular barcoding techniques. These methods have improved species delineation, overcoming the limitations traditionally imposed by methods that are morphological in nature. This review also highlights advancements in metabolomics, especially in the identification and quantification of pharmacologically relevant compounds such as triterpenes and polysaccharides. Next, take a closer look at how tools like high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are being used to profile analytes and support quality control efforts. To build a more holistic picture, we draw on insights from systematics, phylogenetics, and metabolomics, bringing together multiple disciplines to propose a more consistent approach for classifying and evaluating the pharmacological potential of Ganoderma. Notably, we highlight regions that have received less research attention, especially parts of Africa, where the full extent of species diversity is still largely unknown.