A Versatile and Low-Cost IoT Solution for Bioclimatic Monitoring in Precision Viticulture

Due to the effects of climate change, population growth, and the need for site-specific management in viticulture, a low-cost IoT system for bioclimatic monitoring in precision viticulture was developed. The aim of this project was to design and validate a modular solution with essential sensors for environment, plant, and soil monitoring, ensuring reliability, energy efficiency, and remote data transmission. For that purpouse, a custom PCB for simple integration and replication, as well as 3D-modeled structural components, were used in the development of the field prototype. Hardware and firmware were used for periodic data acquisition and transmission via LoRaWAN to the mySense platform. The performed field tests demonstrated that the station is energy self-sufficient during times of high solar availability, with a 97.32% uplink success rate and an average consumption of 104.67 mW. The estimated cost per node is approximately €260, dominated by sensors and structural components, which makes it affordable for small and medium-sized winegrowers. High-quality data supports correlations between soil matrix potential, climate, and leaf wetness, enabling operational alerts and predictive modeling. The solution proved to be practical, affordable, scalable, and adaptable, meeting its goals and offering a solid foundation for future enhancements to improve efficiency and usability.