Climate Change and Livestock Welfare in the Alps: A Comprehensive Review

Extensive livestock systems in the Alps are central to biodiversity, rural livelihoods, and cultural heritage, but are increasingly threatened by climate change. This review examines how rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, reduced snow cover, and extreme weather events impact animal welfare in mountain farming systems. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of scientific literature addressing direct impacts such as heat stress, water scarcity, disease prevalence, and welfare-related indicators, as well as indirect effects on pasture quality, biodiversity, and socio-ecological systems. Results show that cattle are highly vulnerable to heat stress and forage decline, while sheep and goats exhibit greater resilience. However, all species are affected by reduced forage quality and increased disease risks. Climate-driven shifts in pasture composition threaten both the nutritional value and ecosystem diversity, with feedback loops that link animal welfare and biodiversity. Adaptive capacities differ across species, with goats showing the highest tolerance to resource scarcity. Potential adaptation strategies include breed selection, sustainable grazing practices, and policy frameworks that support smallholders and ecosystem services. We conclude that safeguarding animal welfare under climate change is crucial for maintaining livestock productivity, ecological sustainability, and the socio-economic resilience of Alpine communities. This review provides a foundation for developing integrated adaptation strategies that align welfare, biodiversity, and policy objectives.