Herbal Medicines in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: Plants, Bioactive Compounds, and Mechanisms of Action

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an impaired insulin secretion (or action), leading to persistent hyperglycemia. Such a disease, associated with multiple risk factors, can be broadly classified into two major types: Type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In recent years, herbal medicines (HMs) have been gaining significant attention as alternatives or complementary therapeutic options, owing to their rich content of bioactive compounds. These natural agents have been widely investigated for their potential in the prevention and management of several chronic diseases, including (i) cardiovascular disorders, (ii) infections, and notably (iii) diabetes mellitus. In this present state-of-the art review, we highlight the roles and impacts of various medicinal plants originating from diverse families upon emphasizing their active phytoconstituents, and the mechanisms through which they exert antidiabetic effects. Special emphasis is placed on how these bioactive ingredients can modulate glucose metabolism, enhance insulin sensitivity, and ultimately mitigate complications related to diabetes.