A Comprehensive Review of the Synthesis, Characterization, and Therapeutic Potential of Gold, Platinum, and Ruthenium Complexes and Organic Compounds

The synthesis and systematic investigation of inorganic and organic compounds represent a crucial area in medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, particularly in the pursuit of novel therapeutic agents. This study reports on the preparation, structural analysis, and evaluation of selected inorganic and organic compounds with emphasis on their physicochemical characteristics and biological activities. Both categories of compounds were examined for their potential therapeutic relevance, including anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Inorganic complexes, particularly those incorporating transition metals, demonstrated promising activity that may be attributed to their ability to interact with bimolecular targets and modulate cellular pathways. Similarly, organic derivatives revealed bioactive features that merit further exploration. Collectively, the results underscore the therapeutic potential of synthesized compounds and contribute to the growing field of drug design involving both inorganic and organic frameworks. This work emphasizes the integration of synthetic chemistry, as well as natural products with biological evaluation as a pathway toward identifying effective molecules with clinical relevance. Here, we highlighted some of the most recently developed Au(I/III), Pt(II/IV) and Ru(II/III) complexes that have shown significant in vivo antitumor properties between 2016 and 2025, as well as the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of different inorganic and organic compounds. Our review emphasizes on gold, platinum and ruthenium complexes synthesis and characterizations of inorganic and organic compounds with biomedical potential. The main focus is on the antitumor effects reported in 89 articles of inorganic and organic compounds, 53 on antimicrobial action and 17 on anti-inflammatory activities. In our review we cover the synthesis (30 articles) and characterizations (30 papers) of inorganic and organic compounds with potential biological and therapeutic effects. It is anticipated that this review will serve as a valuable resource in the future, particularly for professionals engaged in clinical, medical, and health-related disciplines.