Nanomedicine for Cancer and Autoimmune Immunotherapy

Nanomedicine has now become a radical agent of change in the game of immunotherapy and introduced precision, control, and customization like never before when it comes to cancer, as well as autoimmune conditions. Using platforms based on nano scale, researchers have been able to manipulate immune responses by working on a scale both spatial and temporal in such a way that it helps overcome the drawbacks associated with working with immune response such as immune evasion, systemic toxicity and poor pharmacokinetics. Sophisticated nanoparticles (such as stimuli-sensitive ones, exosome-mimetic vesicle nanoparticles, and nanoparticles with CRISPR) allow directed immunomodulators, antigens and gene-editing systems to reach one or more particular immune compartments. The innovations allow reprogramming of immune cells, immune tolerance rejuvenation and expansion of antitumor immunity without significant off-target effects. Finding applications in integrating the artificial intelligence as well as multi-omics techniques, the process leads to personalization of the nano-immunotherapies based on patient-specific immuno-signatures. The chapter discusses the mechanistic rationale, therapeutic advancement, and the translational opportunities of nanotechnology-based immunotherapies that define them as part of a foundation of future generations of clinical approaches to precision immune modulation in oncology and autoimmune diseases.