The Interplay Between Mitochondria and Drugs: Molecular Mechanisms, Pharmacotoxicology, and Clinical Implications

Mitochondria, essential organelles involved in cellular energy production and various metabolic processes, are increasingly recognized as innocent bystander targets for many pharmaceutical agents. This review aims to highlight the complex interaction between mitochondria and drugs, covering the molecular mechanisms by which drugs affect mitochondrial function, their pharmacotoxicological effects, and clinical outcomes. We investigate how drugs can impact mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species production, and apoptosis, resulting in either therapeutic benefits or adverse effects. Understanding these interactions is crucial for enhancing drug efficacy, minimizing toxicity, and developing novel therapies that target mitochondrial pathways in various contexts.