Genetic Methods to Improve Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Crops

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient that is required for plant growth and for the productivity and sustainability of global agriculture. Phosphorus deficiency is a major constraint for crop production and efficient phosphorus management is important to address food security efforts worldwide. Advances in plant genetics and breeding have led to promising avenues to enhance P-use efficiency (PUE), enabling crops to better acquire, mobilize, and utilize soil phosphorus. Strategies such as optimizing root architecture, fostering beneficial mycorrhizal associations, and targeting genes involved in P transport and remobilization have potential to sustainably increase crop productivity while minimizing external inputs. These improvements can support resilient farming systems adaptable to diverse environmental conditions.However, much of the existing research on genetic improvement in PUE has been conducted under controlled environments and in pot trials that may not be representative of realistic agricultural systems. Evaluation of the performance of genetic methods for improving PUE must be conducted using a range of diverse production practices under realistic field conditions. Breeding programs must balance P-related traits with other priorities such as yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and seed quality, which often extend the timeline for development. Benefits of these genetic improvements are region-specific and dependent on local soils, climate, and farming practices.While progress is encouraging, many genetic innovations are still in development and require translation into practical field applications. The most promising genetic approaches, including root system modification and seed phytate reduction, offer significant potential when integrated with optimal nutrient management strategies. Moving forward, combining advanced breeding tools, genomic technologies, and region-sensitive agronomic practices presents an excellent opportunity to achieve more sustainable and efficient phosphorus utilization in agriculture.