Robust Daytime In Situ Target Strength Estimation of Pacific Hake (<em>Merluccius productus</em>) over a Wide Size Range

Accurate determination of the target strength (TS) of a fish species is essential for estimating the biomass of fish stocks using acoustic technology. This study estimated the daytime in situ target strength of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) at 38 kHz using echosounder data collected during hake biomass acoustic trawl surveys and research cruises conducted from 2009 to 2019 by U.S. and Canadian scientists. The intercept term for the 20-log TS regression over fish length at 38 kHz, b_20, was found to be -67.9 dB re 1 m2 (CI: -68.09, -67.72) closely aligning with the currently used value of -68 dB in biomass assessments. Applying the revised b_20 value of -67.9 dB in past stock assessments suggests that biomass estimates would be underestimated by less than 3%, which is well within the typical uncertainty range of fish stock assessments.