The Lingering Shadow of a Pandemic: A Comprehensive Literature Review on Long COVID

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has left an indelible mark on global health, extending far beyond the acute phase of infection. A significant and growing number of individuals who have recovered from the initial illness continue to experience a wide array of persistent, debilitating symptoms, a condition now widely recognized as "long COVID" or Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). This literature review synthesizes the current body of knowledge on long COVID, a complex and multifaceted condition with profound implications for individuals, healthcare systems, and society. We delve into the evolving definitions and diagnostic challenges, the global prevalence and risk factors, and the intricate and still-emerging understanding of its pathophysiology, including the roles of viral persistence, immune dysregulation, and autoimmunity. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse clinical manifestations affecting multiple organ systems, from the pervasive fatigue and "brain fog" to cardiovascular and respiratory complications. We examine the current diagnostic approaches, the complexities of managing a condition with no definitive cure, and the latest therapeutic strategies under investigation. The long-term outcomes and prognosis for individuals with long COVID are also discussed, alongside a focused look at its impact on vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly. Finally, we address the significant socioeconomic burden imposed by long COVID, highlighting its effects on the workforce and the escalating demands on healthcare resources. This review underscores the urgent need for continued research to unravel the complexities of long COVID and to develop effective diagnostic tools and evidence-based treatments for this lingering shadow of the pandemic.