Advances in the Molecular Pathophysiology and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes and a leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults worldwide. The pathophysiology of DR is complex and involves oxidative stress, inflammation, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction, and abnormal angiogenesis. Recent insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying DR have opened new avenues for targeted and personalized therapeutic strategies. In this review, we examine the advances in the understanding of oxidative damage, RPE impairment, and proangiogenic signaling in DR progression. We also highlight emerging treatment modalities, including anti-VEGF agents, gene therapy, and nutraceutical interventions. Future directions emphasize the integration of omics technologies and precision medicine approaches for individualized management. This work provides a critical synthesis of recent findings and identifies promising avenues for research and clinical intervention in DR.