Mitral Valve Prolapse in Athletes: Prevalence, Arrhythmic Associations, and Clinical Implications — A Systematic Review

Background: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular abnormality in the general population and has been linked to mitral regurgitation, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Its prevalence and prognostic significance in athletes re-main uncertain, raising important questions for pre−participation screening, eligibility for competition, and long−term follow−up. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases from inception through August 2025 for original studies reporting MVP prevalence in athletes, diagnosed by echocardiography or pathological assessment. Data on study characteristics, diagnostic definitions, prev-alence, arrhythmias, and outcomes were independently extracted by three reviewers. Methodological quality was appraised using the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross−Sectional Studies. Results: Twelve studies published between 1987 and 2024 met inclusion criteria, enrolling 19,463 athletes from diverse sports and competitive levels. A total of 407 MVP cases were identified, corresponding to a crude pooled prevalence of 2.4%. Prevalence esti-mates varied substantially (0.2–20%), reflecting heterogeneity in study populations and diagnostic definitions. When all studies were pooled using a random−effects mod-el, the overall prevalence was 5.4% (95% CI 2.8–8.9%). A sensitivity analysis restricted to contemporary, unselected athletic cohorts yielded a prevalence of 1.3% (95% CI 0.4–2.8%), closely aligning with population−based estimates. Ventricular arrhythmias were more frequent than supraventricular arrhythmias, particularly in association with bileaflet prolapse, leaflet thickening, or significant mitral regurgitation. Most athletes were asymptomatic, and only one prospective study provided long−term follow−up, confirming a generally benign prognosis, though rare adverse events (atrial fibrilla-tion, valve surgery) were documented. Conclusions: MVP is relatively uncommon in athletes and occurs at rates similar to the general population. In most cases, prognosis is favorable and should not preclude sports participation. Nonetheless, recognition of high−risk phenotypes with arrhythmogenic potential highlights the need for individu-alized evaluation and tailored surveillance strategies in sports cardiology practice.