Three‐Dimensional Culture of Epithelial Cells on Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Epithelial tissues form the body's protective barrier, covering external surfaces and lining internal cavities. Nanofibrous scaffolds have emerged as leading platforms in tissue engineering because of their ability to mimic the nanoscale fibrillar architecture of the native extracellular matrix. Thus, they support the optimal microstructure and cellular functions that facilitate the generation of epithelial tissues. This review focuses on the pivotal role of nanofibrous scaffolds in the development of physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) culture systems for various types of epithelial cells. The physical and chemical properties of nanofibers, such as the fiber diameter, alignment, and surface chemistry, can be tailored to modulate the attachment and growth of epithelial cells on nanofibrous scaffolds. Fabrication techniques and optimized scaffold properties for culturing epithelial cells from various epithelial tissues on nanofibrous scaffolds have been examined. The key 3D culture methodologies and coculture systems that incorporate fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells, which are essential for achieving functional differentiation into an epithelium, are elucidated. Finally, the current challenges in this field and potential future directions, including the integration of scaffolds into organ-on-a-chip systems, development of "smart" bioactive materials, and pursuit of personalized medicine through patient-derived cells, are discussed.