The Effects of Movement-Based Exercises on Sports Performance of Athletes with Scapular Dyskinesis: A Systematic Review

Background: Scapular dyskinesis is a common dysfunction among athletes, particularly in overhead sports, leading to pain, reduced range of motion (ROM), and impaired performance. Movement-based exercises are increasingly used to address these issues, but their overall impact on sports performance remains unclear. Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the effects of movement-based exercises on sports performance in athletes with scapular dyskinesis. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed up to July 30, 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Data were extracted and assessed for risk of bias using RoB-2 and ROBINS-I tools. A narrative synthesis was performed due to study heterogeneity. Results: Fourteen studies (8 RCTs, 6 non-RCTs) comprising 412 athletes (mean age 23.8 ± 3.1 years) were included. Interventions ranged from 6 to 24 weeks and primarily targeted scapular stabilization, neuromuscular control, and proprioception. Across studies, exercise interventions led to consistent reductions in pain and disability, with sustained improvements observed in long-term protocols. Significant gains were reported in ROM (particularly internal rotation), rotator cuff and scapular stabilizer strength, and scapulohumeral rhythm. Several trials also documented enhanced functional performance, including throwing velocity, proprioceptive accuracy, and sport-specific outcomes. Overall, 6–8-weeks programs with two to three sessions per week were effective, while longer or more intensive protocols yielded more durable benefits. Conclusion: Movement-based exercises are effective in enhancing sports performance and reducing disability in athletes with scapular dyskinesis. Tailored rehabilitation programs focusing on scapular stability and neuromuscular control are recommended for optimal outcomes.