A Survey on Blockchain, IoT, and Smart Sensors Integration for Enhanced Healthcare Security, Interoperability, and Real-Time Monitoring

This survey paper explores the integration of Blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare, focusing on how these technologies can address critical challenges such as data security, interoperability, and privacy. It aims to provide an overview of the current applications and future potential of these technologies in enhancing healthcare delivery. The paper employs a comprehensive survey methodology, reviewing literature published between 2015 and early 2025. Studies were selected based on their relevance to the intersection of Blockchain and IoT within healthcare systems, and key challenges and opportunities were identified from the research findings. The integration of Blockchain and IoT is shown to offer significant improvements in areas such as remote patient monitoring, medication management, and predictive analytics. However, challenges remain regarding scalability, regulatory compliance, and data interoperability. The paper identifies emerging applications and discusses the current state of adoption in healthcare. Blockchain and IoT have the potential to revolutionize healthcare by providing secure, transparent, and efficient systems for managing patient data. Despite challenges, the paper suggests that focused research on scalability, interoperability, and regulatory frameworks is essential to successfully integrate these technologies into healthcare infrastructures.