A Review of Google Earth Engine for Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis: Trends, Applications, and Challenges

Google Earth Engine (GEE) has become one of the most widely used platforms for Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) research, offering cloud-based access to petabyte-scale datasets and scalable analytical tools. While earlier reviews provided valuable overviews of data and applications, this study synthesizes 72 selected articles published between 2016 and February 2025 to examine the evolution of GEE–LULC research. Results show exponential growth in publications, with Landsat and Sentinel imagery dominating datasets and Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) remaining the most common classifiers. Geographically, output is concentrated in China and India, reflecting regional leadership in GEE adoption. Despite its strengths, GEE faces persistent challenges, including memory limits, restricted support for advanced Deep Learning (DL), and reliance on labeled data. Promising directions include integrating few-shot semantic segmentation and hybrid workflows combining GEE scalability with local Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) computing. By bridging platform-focused and application-focused studies, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of GEE–LULC research and outlines actionable pathways for advancing scalable and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enabled geospatial analysis.