Integration Models for Delivering COVID-19 Vaccines through HIV Services in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review

Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a major global public health issue. People living with HIV (PLHIV) are among the vulnerable groups facing a higher risk of severe outcomes. Combining COVID-19 vaccination with HIV services can improve access and utilization although effective methods of delivery are yet to be ascertained. We conducted a scoping review to identify and describe models for delivering COVID-19 vaccines through HIV care services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We used PRISMA-ScR guidelines to conduct the review and searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE from February 3 to 4, 2025, for studies on integrated vaccine delivery for PLHIV. Results: Three studies from sub-Saharan Africa reported call-back strategy, diverse partnership, and mixed service delivery models for implementing COVID-19 vaccination in HIV care services. Key strategies that were used included building capacity, generating demand, managing the supply chain, and involving stakeholders. The outcomes showed significant increases in vaccination coverage among PLHIV and reduced vaccine wastage. Conclusions: Integrating COVID-19 vaccination into HIV services is practical and effective in LMICs. It makes use of current infrastructure, partnerships, and local innovations.