Effect of <em>Moringa oleifera </em>Leaf Supplementation on Glycemic and Hemodynamic Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health concern associated with hyperglycemia and cardiovascular risk. Despite pharmacological therapies, side effects and non-compliance remain challenges. Moringa oleifera (MO), rich in bioactive phytochemicals, shows promise as a complementary approach. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf juice supplementation, in addition to standard therapy, on random blood glucose (RBS) and cardiovascular parameters in patients with T2DM. Methods: A prospective, randomised controlled trial was conducted among 107 T2DM patients. Group 1 (n=53) received fresh MO leaf juice plus standard therapy, while Group 2 (n=54) received standard therapy alone. RBS, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured at baseline, 30 min, and 60 min. Non-parametric statistical tests were applied. Results: The intervention group showed significant reductions in RBS from baseline to 30 and 60 minutes compared to the control group (p = 0.035 and p &lt; 0.001). SBP and MAP also improved significantly, while DBP changes were modest. Conclusions: Moringa oleifera juice supplementation alongside conventional therapy significantly improved glycemic control and cardiovascular parameters. Its phytochemical profile and safety suggest potential as a dietary adjunct for T2DM management.