The Role of Lactoferrin and Lactoferrin Supplementation in The Prevention of Lactational Mastitis and Other Breast Inflammations: A Literature Review and Future Perspectives

Background/Objectives: Lactoferrin has been studied for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. While the presence and role of lactoferrin in breast milk have been relatively well described, its potential as a dietary supplement to prevent inflammatory breast conditions has not been adequately addressed in the literature. Animal models—particularly in bovine mastitis—have also suggested a possible protective role for lactoferrin in mammary inflammation. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate existing evidence on the role of lactoferrin in inflammation and immunity, with a particular focus on its potential preventive role in lactational breast conditions. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed across PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL. The search was carried out without any temporal restrictions, and studies published in English or Italian were included. Results: Lactoferrin has well-documented properties and evidence from animal models and studies on other inflammatory conditions supports its potential role in reducing inflammation and preventing infections. There is a clear lack of clinical trials specifically evaluating lactoferrin supplementation in the prevention of lactational mastitis. Most studies have been conducted in non-human models, and there is a need for more human-specific research. Conclusions: future studies should be focused on understanding the role of lactoferrin supplementation, its security and efficacy and also its potential use as a diagnostic marker. It is essential to move beyond theoretical and indirect evidence, and to conduct rigorous clinical research to fully understand its potential role in obstetric care, particularly in the prevention of lactational mastitis.