False Proximity in the 15-Minute City: Measuring the Gap Between Spatial Closeness and Functional Accessibility

Although the 15 minute city promotes equity in terms of proximity to have more accessible cities, this study shows that even geographic closeness does not necessarily mean equitable access, particularly for people with disabilities. Using Timisoara, Romania, as a case study, a three-stage study analysis was conducted to evaluate accessibility to public amenities. Each stage considered the needs of both people with visual and mobility impairments and non-disabled users. First, GIS-based isochrone mapping revealed major disparities between the two groups, persons with and without impairments. The proximity to the analysed amenities was nearly halved for people with impairments, once walking distances were adjusted accordingly and inaccessible spaces were excluded. In the second stage, a survey was conducted with 605 respondents to identify distinct accessibility priorities based on 15 minutes city core dimensions. In the third stage, real pedestrian routes in three areas of Timișoara were examined using the top-ranked criteria of each group, enabling a deeper assessment of proximity and usability. The findings confirmed widespread functional inaccessibility, especially for vulnerable groups. These results expose the concept of false proximity, where apparent nearness masks physical or sensory barriers. A shift toward experience-based accessibility planning is needed to ensure that proximity is not that spatial, but usable by all and inclusive.