Trigger-Based PDCA Framework for Sustainable Grid Integration of Second-Life EV Batteries

Second-life electric vehicle batteries (SLBs) represent a valuable asset for enhancing grid flexibility and advancing circular economy objectives in the power sector. This study presents a trigger-based PDCA (Plan–Do–Check–Act) framework for the sustainable grid integration of SLBs, enabling adaptive operational control across diverse applica-tion scenarios. The proposed methodology combines lifecycle KPI monitoring, degra-dation and performance tracking, and economic feasibility assessment with trig-ger-driven dispatch strategies that respond dynamically to fluctuations in demand and renewable generation. Scenario-based simulations assess the framework’s adaptability and scalability in systems with high renewable penetration and variable load profiles. Results indicate that the framework can reduce degradation rates, extend SLB service life, improve economic viability through optimized dispatch, and support grid stability via responsive control. By integrating KPI-based monitoring with trigger-based opera-tional logic, the approach enables structured, replicable, and sustainable management of second-life batteries, maximizing asset value while minimizing environmental impacts.