The Optimal Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes from The Perspective of Anti-Aging Medicine

Aging is a complex biological process that involves a gradual decline in the human body's structure and function and increases the risks of aging-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes accelerates all clinical manifestations of aging. Metabolic disorders in type 2 diabetes are unfavorably associ-ated with all hallmarks of aging such as inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin com-plex 1 (mTORC1) are key players in cellular metabolism. AMPK activation and mTORC1 inhibition improve all hallmarks of aging. Furthermore, AMPK activation and mTORC1 inhibition are favorably associated with diabetic complications such as diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases and AD. Nutrition such as resveratrol and astaxanthin have AMPK activating and mTORC1 in-hibitory effects and improve metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes. Metformin, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 RAs, have been reported to have AMPK activating and mTORC1 inhibitory effects. The therapeutic interventions that activate AMPK and inhibit mTORC1 may be optimal treatments for type 2 diabetes from the perspective of anti-aging medicine.