Investigating Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Its Influencing Factors in the Laut Tawar Sub Watershed Using Landsat-9 Data

Change of land use and intensification of human activity significantly influence the sur-face temperature of the land, which is a basic parameter in climate change and balance of ecosystems. This study uses Landsat-9 data to analyze spatial and temporal distribution in Laut Tawar Sub watershed Surface Temperature Patterns and discuss major factors influencing surface temperature patterns. Integration of remote sensing data with geospatial analyses leads this study to establish that variations in LST are strongly controlled by topography, vegetation cover, degree of urbanization, and agricultural land conversion. The mapped results show that densely vegetated and water areas are relatively cool with temperature ranging from 9.5–17°C, whereas urbanized and converted areas demonstrate an obvious temperature increase as high as 25–32°C, supporting an important role of elevation, slope aspect, and vegetation in mitigating heat accumulation. The present study has implications for UHI mitigation measures, nature-based spatial planning and sustainable water resources management. Landsat-9 thermal data has a good potential to quantify the thermal pattern in detail, and this shall provide a great contribution to the climate adaptation strategies, including the local and regional habitat conservation efforts.