Adrenal Incidentaloma: From Silent Diagnosis to Clinical Challenge

The widespread use of advanced imaging techniques has led to a rising incidence of ad-renal incidentalomas (AIs), asymptomatic adrenal masses discovered during imaging for non-adrenal-related conditions. AIs represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to their varied etiology, secretory potential, and potential for malignancy. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on adrenal incidentalomas, focusing on their pathogenesis, diagnostic work-up, imaging features, hormonal evaluation, and evidence-based management, with a special emphasis on au-tonomous cortisol secretion (ACS). A thorough narrative review of the literature from the past two decades was conducted, synthesizing data from key international guidelines (ESE/ENSAT), observational studies, meta-analyses, and case series regarding the evalua-tion and treatment of AI. AI represents an increasingly relevant clinical condition requir-ing a multidisciplinary, personalized approach. Prompt endocrine and radiological eval-uation is essential to identify hormonally active or potentially malignant tumors. The complexity of the natural history of AI and the evolving understanding of ACS underline the need for tailored follow-up and management strategies.