Risk and Protective Factors in the Transition Out of Sport: A Scoping Review on the Psychological Adjustment of Professional Athletes

Numerous studies show that transitioning out of sport can be an extremely critical phase which, if not adequately supported, can lead to identity crises, loss of meaning, depressive symptoms, and social isolation. We conducted a scoping literature review following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. The aim of our research was to retrieve all articles published between January 2015 and January 2025 in peer-reviewed English-language journals relating to the risk and protective factors that characterize the transition to post-career for professional athletes. The 66 selected studies were organized into six thematic categories with the support of Artificial Intelligence. Among the most recurrent risk factors are exclusive identification with the athletic role, unplanned retirement, and lack of emotional and professional support. The most effective protective factors include advance planning for the end of career, well-structured dual career paths, favorable cultural and organizational contexts, and targeted psychological interventions. This review highlights the need to develop specific, validated, and culturally sensitive intervention protocols to support athletes in building new identities and life trajectories after retirement.