Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Advances in Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of motor neuron disease, characterized by progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Clinically heterogeneous, ALS presents with varying patterns of muscle weakness, spasticity, and atrophy, ultimately impairing mobility, communication, swallowing, and respiration. The pathogenesis of ALS involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Despite extensive research, ALS remains incurable, with only modestly effective disease-modifying therapies currently available. This review summarizes current understanding of ALS pathophysiology, clinical phenotypes, diagnosis, and ongoing therapeutic developments.