Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for HPV-Related Cancers: From Gene Editing to Precision Oncology

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major etiological factor in cervical, anal, and oro-pharyngeal cancers. Although prophylactic vaccines have substantially reduced infec-tion rates, effective therapeutic options for established HPV-associated malignancies remain limited. This review provides an up-to-date overview of emerging strategies to treat HPV-driven tumors. Key approaches include immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines such as VGX‑3100 and PRGN‑2012, and gene-editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9. Epigenetic drugs, particularly histone deacetylase inhibitors, show promise in reactivating silenced tumor suppressor genes and enhancing antitumor immunity. In addition, natural bioactive compounds and plant-derived molecules are being explored as complementary anti-HPV agents, while drug repurposing and combination therapies offer cost-effective opportunities to broaden treatment options. We also highlight the role of patient-derived organoid models as powerful platforms for personalized drug screening and functional assessment. By integrating these therapeutic innovations with precision oncology approaches, this review outlines a multi-dimensional framework aimed at improving clinical outcomes and quality of life for patients with HPV-associated cancers.