CubeSats and Their On-Board Computers: Systematic Literature Review

CubeSats have revolutionized the exploration and utilization of near-space environments, particularly in low-earth orbit. In this study, we present a systematic review of the current literature to identify and discuss the main developments, research topics, and advancements in the development of nanosatellite avionics, with a focus on onboard computers, covering both hardware and software aspects. A systematic literature review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Of the 647 articles extracted from Science Direct and IEEE, 202 studies were selected based on rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, revealing six major thematic areas in nanosatellite design and operation. The findings are organized into six subsections that address the most frequently discussed topics in designing, developing, and operating nanosatellites. Topics start with the onboarding of the mission’s analysis and overview and continue with the review of the hardware and software solutions for the onboard computers, their architecture and reliability assessment, and the system engineering around them. Two applied topics of telemetry and communication and the use of machine learning onboard nanosatellites are finishing the review topics. According to the results, CubeSat research and development continue to grow rapidly, leveraging modern embedded technology advancements. The availability, robustness, and high integration level of commercial off-the-shelf components have introduced graphics processing units, field-programmable gate arrays, and multi-core computing systems into space. These powerful and energy-efficient computers, reinforced by modern machine learning models, enable the rapid and reliable development of complex, sophisticated missions. Finally, the conclusions highlight the major findings, potential future trends, and research topics in the field. Ultimately, this article serves as a comprehensive guide for scientists, developers, integrators, and enthusiasts engaged in space technology research and development.