The Evolution of Auscultation: Harnessing Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the Future of Bedside Diagnostics

Abstract Background: Auscultation remains a fundamental component of physical examination - providing physicians with important information about many body systems; including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular health. Since its formalization in the 19th century by René Laennec with the invention of the stethoscope, auscultation has changed significantly. Methods: This review explores the historical development of auscultation from mediate to immediate methods, and highlights the technological advancements - including artificial intelligence (AI)-integrated stethoscopes and their clinical uses in primary care, pediatrics, cardiology, and respiratory medicine. It also looks at the limitations of implementing such technologies in modern day clinical practice. Results: Digital stethoscopes have improved sound amplification and diagnostic accuracy; while AI technologies have become a powerful adjunct in recent years, allowing for automated analysis of body sounds, reducing inter-observer variability, and expanding access to diagnostics through telemedicine. However, challenges remain; including data limitations, ethical considerations, and clinical acceptance. Conclusion: Auscultation is set to play a key role in personalized and predictive medicine as wearable and remote AI-driven diagnostic technologies continue to advance - bridging the gap between cutting-edge innovation and conventional bedside expertise. One such initiative, the TAPEX framework, emphasizes the integration of digital tools - such as AI-assisted auscultation - into physical examination, to enhance diagnostic precision and clinical confidence. (1,2)