Amplification-Free Testing of microRNA Biomarkers in Cancer

Background: Circulating miRNAs have been identified as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and monitoring of cancers. However, limitations of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods are currently delaying the transition of miRNA research into clinical practice. These include labour-intensive workflows, exposure to errors and difficulties in detecting and quantifying low-abundance miRNAs. Objectives: This review emphasises the need to develop amplification-free ('PCR-free') technologies to improve the reliability, scalability and practicality of miRNA diagnostics in clinical settings. Methods: This review explores recent advances in PCR-free technologies developed over the past five years. It focuses on innovative methods, such as bead-based assays and sensor detection platforms, which serve as valuable alternatives to conventional PCR-based approaches. These emerging technologies have the potential to overcome the key limitations of PCR by offering streamlined workflows, reduced error rates and enhanced compatibility with a variety of clinical sample types. Crucially, they enable absolute quantification without the need for pre-nucleic acid extraction, reverse transcription or amplification, as well as the simultaneous detection of multiple miRNAs within a single assay. These provide cost-effective and scalable solutions for comprehensive biomarker profiling. The transition from PCR-based to PCR-free technologies is a significant step forward in miRNA diagnostics, overcoming long-standing technical barriers and paving the way for broader adoption of miRNA analysis in routine clinical settings. This shift supports the advancement of precision medicine and holds promises for improving early cancer detection.