Microplastics and Breast Cancer: Investigating the Environmental and Biological Intersections

Through contaminated food, water, and air, microplastics (MPs) have become a ubiquitous environmental hazard invading ecosystems and the human body. Increasing amounts of studies have linked MPs to detrimental health effects, including their participation in endocrine disturbance, inflammatory reactions, and immunological control. Their effects on metabolic and reproductive health are well-known; less is known about how they might support the growth of breast cancer. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs); Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), have the ability to be transported by MPs through two crucial pathways (hormonal regulation and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling) result in the pathophysiology of breast cancer. Moreover, MPs induce oxidative stress and persistent inflammation, that can change the tumor microenvironment and speed up the spread of cancer and metastases. This review clarifies the present knowledge of MPs' biological interactions with breast tissue, explores the molecular mechanisms behind their putative function in tumor formation, and points up areas of research still lacking. We also discuss new methods for detection, the need of epidemiological research, and viable therapy strategies to reduce MP-induced harm in breast cancer patients. Understanding the links between environmental pollution and oncology will help us to open the path for more investigation on MPs as a new risk factor for the beginning and spread of breast cancer.