Global Warming May Affect Type 2 Diabetes Incidence. A Possible Contribution of Gender-Related Dietary Choices

Growing evidence suggests that the increase in global temperatures is partly driving the rise in type 2 diabetes (T2D), with dietary choices playing a key mediating role. Diets high in red meat and ultra-processed foods contribute substantially to greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), while plant-based diets offer both environmental and health benefits. Notably, gender differences influence dietary patterns, with women typically consuming less meat and generating lower diet-related GHGE than men, potentially reducing their risk of T2D. We performed a comprehensive literature search to collect information on dietary behaviours, GHGE, ambient temperature, and diabetes outcomes, with a particular focus on gender differences. Evidence indicates that rising global temperatures impair glucose homeostasis, partly through reduced brown adipose tissue activity and increased insulin resistance, thereby exacerbating diabetes risk. Gender-specific dietary choices not only affect individual and collective contributions to climate change but also modulate vulnerability to climate-related health risks, including gestational diabetes. Modeling studies suggest that shifting to plant-based diets, especially among men, could significantly reduce both GHGE and diabetes burden. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating gender perspectives into dietary strategies in order to develop targeted mitigation measures against climate change and global warming, while also improving metabolic health outcomes worldwide.