An Integrated Ultrasound-Assisted Electrokinetic–Cold Plasma–Bioaugmentation Process for PFAS Soil Remediation: A One Health Approach

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a fully integrated remediation process for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil, in the context of growing One Health concerns surrounding PFAS persistence, ecological degradation, and public health risks. Utilizing a multi-step experimental design, column tests were conducted on PFAS-contaminated soils to evaluate a combined treatment train consisting of ultrasonic desorption, electrokinetic extraction, cold plasma oxidation, and microbial bioaugmentation. Data were collected from spiked soil columns to assess PFAS removal efficiency, soil health parameters (pH, cation exchange capacity, and dehydrogenase activity), acute toxicity (via Vibrio fischeri and Lactuca sativa), and sustainability metrics including energy use and operational cost. The analysis revealed that the remediation train achieved over 92% removal of total PFAS and 98% mineralization, with no toxic byproducts or accumulation of intermediates. Soil health indicators improved significantly after treatment, demonstrating pH neutralization, enhanced nutrient exchange capacity, and increased microbial activity. Lifecycle assessment demonstrated low energy input (0.8 kWh L-1) and cost efficiency (€0.31 L-1), with no generation of hazardous secondary waste. These findings indicate that this multi-modal treatment system is not only highly effective in PFAS degradation but also supports the regeneration of soil ecosystems, promotes the recovery of functional biodiversity, improves soil resilience, and reduces long-term environmental trade-offs. The remediation train significantly contributes to this multi-modal approach offers the One Health vision by offering a scalable, sustainable, and ecosystem-restorative strategy that aligns with integrated health protection for the environment to mitigate PFAS, animals, and human populations.