Advancing a Low-Carbon Hydrogen Economy: Challenges, Solutions, and Policy Perspectives

Hydrogen is a promising clean energy carrier because it is abundant, has high energy density, and can be used for near-zero emissions. Though it has many benefits, the shift to a low-carbon hydrogen (LCH) economy is confronted with major economic, technological, environmental, and policy hurdles. This review synthesizes current opinion regarding hydrogen production, storage, and usage, critically examines the green versus blue hydrogen dichotomy, and considers policy options influencing future demand for hydrogen. It also discerns gaps in current research, compares economic viability, and proposes a framework for a viable LCH economy. The review ends with an outline of recommendations for filling in the gaps and stepping up the deployment of hydrogen as a central element of decarbonization worldwide.