Lipids and Longevity: Their Role in Aging and Neurodegenerative Decline

Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules including fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids that are vital for numerous biological functions including energy storage, cellular structure, and signaling. Changes in lipid metabolism that occur as organisms age result in dysregulated lipid profiles that are increasingly linked to chronic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndromes, thus highlighting the importance of lipids in health span and longevity. Research has shown that aging is characterized by certain changes in lipid composition. These shifts are not merely passive but actively contribute to cellular senescence and inflammation, mechanisms that are central to age-related decline. In particular, the accumulation of oxidized fatty acids has been shown to impair immune cell function, exacerbating inflammatory responses and furthering the trajectory of aging-related diseases. The controversies surrounding the role of dietary lipids in aging have emerged, particularly regarding the optimal types and ratios of fats that can promote healthier aging. Certain unsaturated fats are believed to confer protective effects, while others may contribute to health risks when consumed in excess. Furthermore, advancements in lipidomic technologies are enhancing our understanding of individual lipid profiles and their associations with health outcomes, paving the way for personalized dietary interventions aimed at mitigating the effects of aging. In this review, the exploration of lipids in the context of aging reveals a complex landscape where lipid metabolism intersects with cellular health, chronic inflammation, and disease susceptibility, presenting both opportunities for therapeutic intervention and ongoing challenges in nutritional science and gerontology.