Parkinson’s Disease: Bridging Gaps, Building Biomarkers, and Reimagining Clinical Translation

Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, imposes growing clinical and socioeconomic burdens worldwide. Despite landmark discoveries in dopa-mine biology and α-synuclein pathology, translating mechanistic insights into effective, personalized interventions remains elusive. Recent advances in molecular profiling, neuroimaging, and computational modeling have broadened the understanding of PD as a multifactorial systems disorder rather than a purely dopaminergic condition. However, critical gaps persist in diagnostic precision, biomarker standardization, and the translation of bench side findings into clinically meaningful therapies. This review critically ex-amines the current landscape of PD research, identifying conceptual blind spots and methodological shortfalls across pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, trial design, and translational readiness. By synthesizing evidence from molecular neuroscience, data science, and global health, the review proposes strategic directions to recalibrate the research agenda toward precision neurology. Here we highlight the urgent need for interdisciplinary, globally inclusive, and biomarker-driven frameworks to overcome the fragmented progression of PD research. The review advances a vision of transformative care rooted in standardization, reproducibility, and patient-centered innovation. In doing so, it offers actionable insights for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers working at the intersection of biology, technology, and healthcare delivery. As the field pivots from symptomatic relief to disease modification, the road forward must be cohesive, collabo-rative, and radically translational.