AI-Guided Neuroengineering for Spinal Circuit Reconstruction and Functional Integration

The spinal cord has been radically reinterpreted by spine connectomics and neural integration, moving from being thought of as a straightforward relay station to a dynamic computational center. This thorough analysis summarizes significant developments from 2015 to 2025, showing how the combined use of machine learning and neuroengineering has helped to clarify the structure and operation of the spinal circuit. Spinal network dynamics have never been better understood, thanks to developments in high-density electrophysiology, including ultraflexible probes and cutting-edge Neuropixels technology, cell-type-specific optogenetics, and complex brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), such as Neuralink's high-resolution neural arrays. In order to process multimodal sensory inputs and modulate complex motor outputs, the paper examines the computational principles underlying spinal networks, particularly predictive coding and Bayesian integration mechanisms. Additionally, it demonstrates how advanced imaging modalities, such as 7 Tesla axis-resolved fMRI, can enable laminar-specific mapping and utilize computational models to reveal intrinsic network properties, including small-world organization and hierarchical architecture. These findings have been clinically applied in the development of memristive sensors for improved prosthetic feedback, closed-loop epidural stimulation for spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation, and customized neuromodulation techniques for the management of scoliosis and chronic pain. Although there is great potential for Neuralink's bidirectional BMIs to restore motor and sensory functions after SCI, there are still ongoing issues, especially with electrode stability and long-term biocompatibility. The report concludes by outlining future directions, emphasizing the accelerating role of AI-driven discovery, multi-omics integration, and non-invasive neuromodulation in achieving comprehensive spinal connectomes, thereby paving the way for precision therapies for neurological disorders and significant enhancements in musculoskeletal health.