Energy-Based Classification of Cellular Functions

Traditional classifications of cellular features usually focus on molecular activities or biological processes, yet they overlook the energetic interdependencies underpinning cellular function. We propose an energy-based modular framework that categorizes cellular features according to their roles in energy acquisition, utilization, storage and regulation. By integrating biochemical pathways with thermodynamics and systems theory, we classified cellular features into six distinct modules, each defined by a distinct energetic role rather than molecular identity or spatial location: energy acquisition and conversion, storage and transfer, expenditure machinery, regulation and control, distribution networks and energy-efficient communication. Then, we simulated energy-stress scenarios to evaluate how cellular modules respond to energy depletion and/or recovery. As energy declined from 100% to 20%, module activity decreased predictably. When priority was given to the modules that are either low in energy demand or functionally critical for maintaining control and coordination, the whole activity was maintained longer. Earlier, smoother and faster recovery was enabled particularly in moderate depletion scenarios. During sudden shock patterns simulations, recovery order and resilience of each module depended on both energy availability and prioritization logic. Overall, strategic energy allocation may enhance resilience, stability and continuity of core module functions under stress. Our approach redefines cell modules as a function of energy rather than molecular identity, providing a biophysical platform for modelling cellular behavior in energetic terms. This energy-centered framework may align with applications in cellular stress analysis, metabolic modelling, synthetic biology, bioengineering, aging research, systems medicine and the design of energy-efficient therapeutic strategies.